定语从句
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定语从句
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
The black car is mine.
The car under (在.......之后） the tree is mine.
The car that is under the tree is mine.
(1) 定语从句概念
复合句中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在所修饰的名词或代词之后。
(2)先行词：
被定语从句所修饰的词 (名词或代词) 叫先行词。
(3)关系词：
引导定从句的词
(4)关系词的作用：
指代先行词
引导定语从句
在定语从句中作成分
指代人的关系词
Do you know the man ________is reading over there?
The girl _______________we saw yesterday is Jim's sister.
The person____________ you just talked to is Mr Li.
4.The person to _____________ you just talked is Mr Li.
who / that
(who / that / whom)
(who / that /whom)
whom
指代人的关系词
This is the scientist ______name is known all over the world.
Do you know the girl ______father is a singer?
The boy_____parents died two years ago lives with his grandpa now.
whose
whose
whose
A plane is a machine__________can fly.
The cakes __________ I made are delicious.
They planted some trees ________ didn't need much water.
Have you found a room _________ you can live in?
Have you found a room in ______ you can live?
(that / which)
that / which
that / which
(that / which)
which
whose
定语
The building______roof is red is our school.
I lost a book ______ cover is blue.
The house _______ windows are very large is my uncle’s.
whose
whose
whose
定语从句常见错误
I like the bike that my father bought it for me.
I don't know the child who she is dancing there.
Is there anything that are going wrong?
He is one of the students that is going to college.
Do you know the man lives next to me?
In the street there wasn’t any person to who I could turn for help.
He lives in a big house,in front of it stands a tall apple tree.
is
are
living
whom
which
关系副词
关系副词是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样,在从句中代替先行词,在句中作成份--- 状语
where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点.
when: 在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。
why:在从句中做原因状语，指代原因。
This is the place ____________we are looking for.
This is the place _______plants grow well.
Is this the farm ______________you visited last year?
Is this the farm ________ you worked last year?
(that / which)
where
(that / which)
where
Do you remember the days _____________we spent on the farm?
Do you remember the days ______ we spent our holidays on the farm?
Is this the reason ____________you told me?
Is this the reason ______you came late?
(that / which)
when
(that / which)
why
只能由that 引导定语从句
1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing, something, all, none, few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few,much等不定代词修饰时。
We should do all_____ is useful to the people.
2.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last等修饰时。
This is the last place______ I want to visit.
This is the very book____ I am looking for.
that
that
that
3.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is the best novel______ I have ever read.
4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。
This is the third dictionary_____ I have used.
5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。
We talked about the things and persons _____ we were interested in.
6.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。
Who is the man _____ is standing under the tree?
that
that
that
that
不使用that 的定语从句
1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。
This is the train by ______ we went to Beijing.
Look at the man with _____ your teacher is talking.
2.that 不能引导非限定性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)。
He didn't pass the exams again,______made his parents very disappointed.
which
whom
which
3.指人时,当先行词为everybody, anybody, everyone, anyone等时,关系代词要用who,不用that。
Is there anyone______ can answer this question?
4.先行词本身是指示代词that或those时,关系代词应用which。
What’s that______ she is looking at?
who
which
非限制性定语从句
1)限定性定语从句:紧跟先行词无逗号和主句隔开
2)非限定性定语从句:有逗号与先行词隔开
That 和why 不能引导非限定
Bei jing ,______ is the capital of China,has a very long history.
Yesterday I met Tom,______ seemed very happy.
They went to London,_______ they lived for six months.
which
who
where
1.位置不同。which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。
Tom was late for school,which made his teacher very angry.
汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。
Mike,as you know,is an honest man.
Mike is an honest man,as you know.
As you know,Mike is an honest man.
如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。
2.先行词不同。
as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。
As we all know,he is very proud.(先行词为一个句子)
众所周知,他很骄傲。
Beijing, which is the capital of China,has a long history.
北京，中国的首都，有着悠久的历史。
3.意义不同。
as一般译为“正如,就像”;which一般译为“这一点,这件事”。
John,as you know,is my best friend.
正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。
He has been to Paris more than ten times,which I don’t believe.
他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。
1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what 等词引导,在从句中充当成分。
The news that our team won made us excited.
(our team won是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:The news was that our team won.)
The news that he told me was exciting.
(he told me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:The news was that he told me.)
2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连接词。
Our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.
(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whom,为定语从句)
Our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard.
(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句)
Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.
(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词)
3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是做整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。
Do you know the time when he will come back?
(定语从句,前面有先行词time)
I will go shopping when he comes back.
(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词)
Put the book where it belongs.
(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点)
Put the book in the place where it belongs.
(定语从句,前面有先行词place)
4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将it is/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。
It was Sunday when he came back.
(定语从句)
It was on Sunday that he came back.
(强调句式,强调的是时间状语on Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整)
几种特殊情况
1.当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中做主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;做状语时,要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。
The way(that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.(做状语)
The way that/which he explained to me was not difficult to understand.(做宾语)
2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/during which;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。
There was a time when we had no TV sets.
This is the second time(that) the president has visited our country.
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